CBSE NEW EDUCATION POLICY 2025 -26

     CBSE NEW EDUCATION POLICY 2025 -26

The CBSE has introduced new policies for the 2025-26 academic year, including a new grading system, the option for Class 10 students to take board exams twice a year, and reforms in assessment practices. Additionally, the board has launched a Parenting Calendar and is emphasizing competency-based learning. 

Key changes in the CBSE new education policy for 2025-26: 

Two Board Exams for Class 10:

Students will have the opportunity to take the Class 10 board exams twice a year, with one exam in February/March and another in May. 

New Grading System:

A 9-point grading system will be implemented for Class 10 and 12 board exams, with every 1/8th of passed students being allocated a grade. 

Competency-Based Questions:

The curriculum will shift towards competency-based questions, focusing on conceptual understanding rather than rote memorization. 

Parenting Calendar:

A new Parenting Calendar has been launched to foster collaboration between schools, parents, and students, promoting student well-being. 

STEM Education Focus:

CBSE has declared STEM education (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) as the Annual Training Theme for 2025, emphasizing experiential and inquiry-based learning. 

Digital Evaluation:

On-Screen Marking (OSM) and a new re-evaluation system will be implemented, along with digital evaluation. 

Basic Calculators Allowed:

Basic, non-programmable calculators will be allowed in Class 12 Accountancy exams. 

TOPIC - GRAVITATION(PHYSICS)

                       GRAVITATION 

Gravitation, or gravity, is a fundamental force of nature that causes objects with mass to attract each other. It's what keeps planets in orbit, objects on Earth from flying off into space, and structures from collapsing. The strength of gravitational attraction depends on the mass of the objects and the distance between them. 

Key Aspects of Gravitation:

Attraction:

Gravitational force is always attractive; it pulls objects together, never pushes them apart. 

Mass and Distance:

The more mass an object has, the stronger its gravitational pull. The closer objects are to each other, the stronger their gravitational attraction. 

Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation:

This law describes the force of gravity between two objects, stating that the force is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. 

Einstein's Theory of General Relativity:

While Newton's law is accurate for most everyday situations, Einstein's theory of general relativity provides a more comprehensive understanding of gravity, particularly in strong gravitational fields and at high speeds. 

Examples:

Gravitational forces are responsible for the tides, the orbits of planets and moons, and the structure of stars and galaxies. 

Weakest Force:

Gravity is the weakest of the four fundamental forces in nature, but it has a profound impact on the universe's structure. 

Historical Significance:

The concept of gravitation played a crucial role in the development of classical and modern physics. 

Gravitation on Earth:

Weight:

Your weight is a measure of the gravitational force exerted by the Earth on your mass. 

Acceleration Due to Gravity:

The acceleration of an object due to gravity at Earth's surface is approximately 9.8 m/s². 

Free Fall:

In the absence of air resistance, all objects fall at the same rate due to gravity, regardless of their mass. 

TOPIC - ADVERBS(ENGLISH GRAMMAR)

                           ADVERBS 

Adverbs are words that modify or describe verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, or even entire sentences. They provide more information about the action, state, or description being expressed. 

Here's a more detailed explanation:

Modifying Verbs:

Adverbs tell us how, when, where, or to what extent an action is performed. For example, in the sentence "She ran quickly," "quickly" is an adverb modifying the verb "ran" by telling how she ran. 

Modifying Adjectives:

Adverbs can also intensify or qualify the meaning of adjectives. For instance, in "He is extremely tall," "extremely" is an adverb modifying the adjective "tall". 

Modifying Other Adverbs:

Adverbs can even modify other adverbs. An example would be "She sings very loudly," where "very" modifies the adverb "loudly". 

Modifying Sentences:

Some adverbs, like "Fortunately," "Sadly," or "Indeed," can modify the entire sentence, providing context or expressing the speaker's attitude. 

Common Types of Adverbs: 

Adverbs of Manner: Describe how something is done (e.g., quickly, slowly, carefully, loudly). 

Adverbs of Time: Indicate when something happens (e.g., now, then, yesterday, soon, always, never). 

Adverbs of Place: Specify where something happens (e.g., here, there, everywhere, below, above). 

Adverbs of Degree: Indicate to what extent something is done (e.g., very, quite, really, almost, so). 

Adverbs of Frequency: Describe how often something occurs (e.g., often, sometimes, usually, always, never). 

TOPIC - CLAUSES(ENGLISH GRAMMAR)

                             CLAUSES 

In English grammar, a clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a verb. It can be a complete sentence or part of a larger sentence. Clauses are the basic building blocks of sentences, providing a core structure of who or what is doing something, and what they are doing. 

Here's a more detailed explanation: 

Subject:

The subject is the noun or pronoun that performs the action or is the focus of the sentence. 

Verb:

The verb is the action word, showing what the subject is doing or being. 

Predicate:

The predicate is everything in the clause that is not the subject, including the verb and any accompanying objects, complements, or modifiers. 

Types of Clauses:

Clauses can be either independent or dependent (also called subordinate). 

Independent Clause: An independent clause can stand alone as a complete sentence. 

Dependent Clause: A dependent clause cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and relies on an independent clause for its meaning. 

Phrases vs. Clauses:

A phrase is a group of words that does not contain both a subject and a verb. A clause, on the other hand, always includes a subject and a verb. 

Examples:

"I run." (This is a simple clause, which is also a sentence) 

"Because it was raining, we went inside." ("Because it was raining" is a dependent clause; "we went inside" is an independent clause) 

Beyond Grammar:

The term "clause" can also refer to a distinct part or section within a legal document like a contract or will. 

TOPIC-RAIN WATER HARVESTING(GEOGRAPHY)

          RAIN WATER HARVESTING 

Rainwater harvesting is the process of collecting, storing, and utilizing rainwater for various purposes, rather than allowing it to run off. It involves capturing rainfall from surfaces like rooftops, compounds, or land and channeling it into storage vessels like tanks or cisterns for later use. This practice can be used for irrigation, domestic uses, and even groundwater recharge. 

Key Aspects of Rainwater Harvesting:-

Collection:-

Rainwater is typically collected from rooftops using gutters and downspouts. 

Storage:-

Collected water is stored in tanks, cisterns, or even underground aquifers for later use. 

Utilisation:-

The stored water can be used for various purposes, including irrigation, domestic water supply, and groundwater recharge. 

Groundwater Recharge:-

Rainwater can be diverted into recharge wells or pits to replenish groundwater levels. 

Benefits of Rainwater Harvesting:-

Water Conservation:-

Reduces reliance on conventional water sources and conserves valuable water resources. 

Cost Savings:-

Can reduce reliance on municipal water supplies, leading to lower water bills. 

Environmental Benefits:-

Reduces stormwater runoff, improves water quality, and helps prevent flooding. 

Sustainability:-

Promotes sustainable water management practices and reduces the environmental impact of water use. 

Types of Rainwater Harvesting:-

Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting: The most common type, collecting rainwater from rooftops and storing it for various uses. 

Surface Runoff Harvesting: Collecting rainwater that flows across land surfaces, often used for agriculture or groundwater recharge. 

Groundwater Recharge: Using rainwater to replenish groundwater aquifers through various methods. 

Rainwater Harvesting in India:-

India has a long history of rainwater harvesting, with traditional methods practiced in rural areas for centuries. 

Modern rainwater harvesting systems are being implemented in both urban and rural areas to address water scarcity and promote water conservation. 

The National Water Mission promotes rainwater harvesting as a key component of water management. 

TOPIC- RESOURCES(GEOGRAPHY)

                          RESOURCES 

Resources encompass all materials available in the environment, including natural resources like air, water, soil, and minerals, as well as human-made resources. They can be classified as renewable (replenishable) or non-renewable (limited). Resources are valuable because they satisfy human needs and wants, contributing to well-being and economic development. 

Types of Resources:-

Natural Resources:-

These are resources that exist naturally in the environment, such as air, water, soil, plants, and animals. 

Human-made Resources:-

These are created by humans and can be considered a resource if they add utility and value to human life. 

Renewable Resources:-

These resources can be replenished naturally at a rate that can sustain their use, such as solar energy, wind power, and water. 

Non-renewable Resources:-

These resources have a limited supply and cannot be replenished at a rate that matches their use, such as fossil fuels and minerals. 

Importance of Resources:-

Sustainability:-

Sustainable resource management is crucial for long-term human and environmental well-being, ensuring that resources are used responsibly and can continue to be available for future generations. 

Economic Development:-

Resources are essential for economic growth, providing raw materials for industries, energy for power generation, and food for sustenance. 

Human Needs:-

Resources are vital for basic human needs, including air, water, food, shelter, and healthcare. 

Information Resources:-

Information resources are collections of information that are used for a variety of purposes, including research, learning, and decision-making. These can include: 

Databases:-

Organized collections of information, such as library databases and academic databases. 

Books and Journals:-

Print materials containing a wealth of information. 

Websites and Online Resources:-

Digital sources of information, including educational websites and online journals. 

Peoples:-

Individuals with expertise and knowledge, such as librarians and researchers. 

Equipment and Technology:-

Tools used to access and manage information, such as computers and internet access. 

Examples of Resources:-

Air:- Essential for human survival and supporting plant life.

Water:- A vital resource for drinking, agriculture, and industry.

Soil:- Provides nutrients for plant growth and is essential for agriculture.

Minerals:- Used in construction, manufacturing, and technology.

Forests:-Provide clean air, regulate climate, and support biodiversity.

Oil:- A non-renewable resource used for energy and manufacturing.

Fossil fuels:- Non-renewable resources used for energy generation. 

Renewable resources:-

Renewable resources are natural resources that are continuously replenished by nature and are sustainable for long-term use. Examples include solar energy, wind, water, geothermal heat, and biomass. These resources are vital for producing clean energy and mitigating climate change. 

Key Characteristics of Renewable Resources:-

Continuous Replenishment:-

Renewable resources are naturally replenished by the Earth's processes, making them sustainable. 

Long-Term Sustainability:-

Unlike non-renewable resources, renewable resources can be used indefinitely without depletion. 

Clean Energy Production:-

Many renewable resources, like solar and wind, produce energy with minimal or no greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to a cleaner environment. 

Diversity and Abundance:-

A variety of renewable resources are available, ensuring a diverse and abundant energy supply. 

Non-renewable resources:-

Non-renewable resources are natural resources that are depleted faster than they can be replenished or that are simply finite. They are essential for many aspects of modern life, including energy production and manufacturing, but their limited supply means they are vulnerable to depletion. 

Key Characteristics of Non-Renewable Resources:-

Limited Availability:-

They exist in finite quantities and can't be replenished as quickly as they are used. 

Finite Lifespan:-

While some resources might take millions of years to form, they are not replenished over geological timescales, making them effectively limited. 

Depletion Risk:-

Continued consumption without efforts to reduce use or find alternatives can lead to depletion of these resources. 

TOPIC- CONSERVATIONS(GEOGRAPHY)

                 CONSERVATIONS 

Conservation, broadly defined, is the act of carefully protecting and preserving resources, whether natural or cultural, for their long-term value and benefit. It involves using resources sustainably, managing them wisely, and preventing their overuse or destruction. 

TYPES OF CONSERVATIONS:-

In-situ Conservation:-

Definition:-

In-situ conservation aims to protect species and their habitats within their natural ecosystems. 

METHODS:-

This involves establishing protected areas like national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves. 

Examples:-

Protecting forests to conserve tigers, or managing specific species populations within a larger ecosystem. 

Ex-situ Conservation:-

Definition:-

Ex-situ conservation involves conserving species outside their natural habitats, such as in zoos, botanical gardens, or seed banks. 

Methods:-

This includes captive breeding programs, seed and gene banks, and relocating animals to suitable habitats. 

Examples:-

Zoos that breed endangered species, or seed banks that store seeds for rare or endangered plants.